April 8

April 8 is the 98th day of the year (99th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 267 days remaining until the end of the year.

Events

• 217 – Roman Emperor Caracalla is assassinated (and succeeded) by his Praetorian Guard prefect, Marcus Opellius Macrinus.
• 1093 – The new Winchester Cathedral is dedicated by Walkelin.
• 1139 – Roger II of Sicily is excommunicated.
• 1149 – Pope Eugene III takes refuge in the castle of Ptolemy II of Tusculum.
• 1271 – In Syria, sultan Baybars conquers the Krak of Chevaliers.
• 1513 – Explorer Juan Ponce de León declares Florida a territory of Spain.
• 1730 – Shearith Israel, the first synagogue in New York City, is dedicated.
• 1767 – Ayutthaya kingdom falls to Burmese invaders.
• 1808 – The Roman Catholic Diocese of Baltimore is promoted to an archdiocese, with the founding of the dioceses of New York, Philadelphia, Boston, and Bardstown (now Louisville) by Pope Pius VII.
• 1820 – The Venus de Milo is discovered on the Aegean island of Melos.
• 1832 – Black Hawk War: Around three-hundred United States 6th Infantry troops leave St. Louis, Missouri to fight the Sauk Native Americans.
• 1864 – American Civil War: Battle of Mansfield – Union forces are thwarted by the Confederate army at Mansfield, Louisiana.
• 1866 – Italy and Prussia ally against Austrian Empire.
• 1886 – William Ewart Gladstone introduces the first Irish Home Rule Bill into the British House of Commons.
• 1893 – The first recorded college basketball game occurs in Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania.
• 1895 – In Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co. the Supreme Court of the United States declares unapportioned income tax to be unconstitutional.
• 1904 – The French Third Republic and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland sign the Entente cordiale.
• 1904 – British mystic Aleister Crowley transcribes the first chapter of The Book of the Law.
• 1904 – Longacre Square in Midtown Manhattan is renamed Times Square after The New York Times.
• 1906 – Auguste Deter, the first person to be diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease, dies.
• 1908 – Harvard University votes to establish the Harvard Business School.
• 1913 – The 17th Amendment to the United States Constitution, requiring direct election of Senators, becomes law.
• 1916 – In Corona, California, race car driver Bob Burman crashes, killing three, and badly injuring five, spectators.
• 1918 – World War I: Actors Douglas Fairbanks and Charlie Chaplin sell war bonds on the streets of New York City's financial district.
• 1929 – Indian Independence Movement: At the Delhi Central Assembly, Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt throw handouts and bombs to court arrest.
• 1935 – The Works Progress Administration is formed when the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935 becomes law.
• 1940 – World War II: The United Kingdom and France announce that they have mined Norwegian territorial waters to prevent their use by German supply ships.
• 1942 – World War II: Siege of Leningrad – Soviet forces open a much-needed railway link to Leningrad.
• 1942 – World War II: The Japanese take Bataan in the Philippines.
• 1943 – U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, in an attempt to check inflation, freezes wages and prices, prohibits workers from changing jobs unless the war effort would be aided thereby, and bars rate increases by common carriers and public utilities.
• 1946 – The last meeting of the League of Nations, the precursor of the United Nations, is held.
• 1950 – India and Pakistan sign the Liaquat-Nehru Pact.
• 1952 – U.S. President Harry Truman calls for the seizure of all domestic steel mills to prevent a nationwide strike.
• 1953 – Mau Mau leader Jomo Kenyatta is convicted by Kenya's British rulers.
• 1954 – A Royal Canadian Air Force Canadair Harvard collided with a Trans-Canada Airlines Canadair North Star over Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan, killing 37 people.
• 1968 – BOAC Flight 712 catches fire shortly after take off. As a result of her actions in the accident, Barbara Jane Harrison is awarded a posthumous George Cross, the only GC awarded to a woman in peacetime.
• 1970 – Bahr el-Baqar incident: Israeli bombers strike an Egyptian school. 46 children are killed.
• 1974 – at Atlanta-Fulton County Stadium, Hank Aaron hits his 715th career home run to surpass Babe Ruth's 39-year-old record.
• 1975 – Frank Robinson manages the Cleveland Indians in his first game as major league baseball's first African American manager.
• 1985 – Bhopal disaster: India files suit against Union Carbide for the disaster which killed an estimated 2,000 and injured another 200,000.
• 1987 – Los Angeles Dodgers executive Al Campanis resigns amid controversy over racially charged remarks he had made while on Nightline.
• 1992 – Retired tennis great Arthur Ashe announces that he has AIDS, acquired from blood transfusions during one of his two heart surgeries.
• 1993 – The Republic of Macedonia joins the United Nations.
• 1999 – Haryana Gana Parishad, a political party in the Indian state of Haryana, merges with the Indian National Congress.
• 2004 – Darfur conflict: The Humanitarian Ceasefire Agreement is signed by the Sudanese government and two rebel groups.
• 2006 – Shedden massacre: The bodies of eight men, all shot to death, are found in a field in Ontario, Canada. The murders are soon linked to the Bandidos motorcycle gang.
• 2008 – The construction of the world's first building to integrate wind turbines is completed in Bahrain.

Births

• 1320 – King Peter I of Portugal (d. 1367)
• 1336 – Tamerlane (Timur), Central Asian, Turkic conqueror (d. 1405)
• 1533 – Claudio Merulo, Italian composer (d. 1604)
• 1541 – Michele Mercati, Italian physician (d. 1593)
• 1605 – King Philip IV of Spain, (d. 1665)
• 1641 – Henry Sydney, 1st Earl of Romney, English statesman (d. 1704)
• 1692 – Giuseppe Tartini, Italian composer (d. 1770)
• 1732 – David Rittenhouse, American astronomer, inventor, and mathematician (d. 1796)
• 1818 – August Wilhelm von Hofmann, German chemist (d. 1892)
• 1818 – King Christian IX of Denmark (d. 1906)
• 1826 – Pancha Carrasco, Costa Rican war heroine (d. 1890)
• 1827 – Ramón Emeterio Betances, Puerto Rican politician, medical doctor and diplomat (d. 1898)
• 1842 – Elizabeth Bacon Custer, wife of George Armstrong Custer (d. 1933)
• 1859 – Edmund Husserl, Austrian philosopher (d. 1938)
• 1865 – Charles W. Woodworth, American entomologist (d. 1940)
• 1869 – Harvey Cushing, American neurosurgeon (d. 1939)
• 1871 – Clarence Hudson White American photographer (d. 1925)
• 1874 – Stanisław Taczak, Polish general (d. 1960)
• 1875 – King Albert I of Belgium (d. 1934)
• 1883 – R. P. Keigwin, English academic (d. 1972)
• 1885 – Dimitrios Levidis, Greek composer (d. 1951)
• 1888 – Dennis Chavez, American politician (d. 1964)
• 1889 – Sir Adrian Boult, British conductor (d. 1983)
• 1892 – Richard Neutra, American architect (d. 1970)
• 1892 – Mary Pickford, Canadian actress (d. 1979)
• 1896 – Yip Harburg, American lyricist (d. 1981)
• 1902 – Andrew Irvine, British mountaineer (d. 1924)
• 1904 – John Hicks, British economist, Bank of Sweden Prize winner (d. 1989)
• 1904 – Hirsch Jacobs, American thoroughbred horse trainer and owner (d. 1970)
• 1905 – Helen Joseph, South African anti-apartheid activist (d. 1992)
• 1905 – Erwin Keller, German field hockey player (d. 1971)
• 1906 – Raoul Jobin, French Canadian tenor (d. 1974)
• 1908 – Hugo Fregonese, Argentine film director (d. 1987)
• 1909 – John Fante, American novelist (d. 1983)
• 1910 – George Musso, American football player (d. 2000)
• 1911 – Melvin Calvin, American chemist, Nobel laureate (d. 1997)
• 1911 – Emil Cioran, Romanian philosopher and essayist (d. 1995)
• 1912 – Alois Brunner, Austrian Nazi
• 1912 – Sonja Henie, Norwegian figure skater and actress (d. 1969)
• 1914 – María Félix, Mexican actress (d. 2002)
• 1916 – Alfie Bass, English actor (d. 1987)
• 1918 – Betty Ford, First Lady of the United States
• 1918 – Glendon Swarthout, American author (d. 1992)
• 1919 – Ian Smith, Prime Minister of Rhodesia (d. 2007)
• 1920 – Carmen McRae, American jazz singer (d. 1994)
• 1921 – Franco Corelli, Italian tenor (d. 2003)
• 1921 – Jan Novák, Czech composer (d. 1984)
• 1923 – George Fisher, American cartoonist (d. 2003)
• 1923 – Edward Mulhare, Irish actor (d. 1997)
• 1924 – Frédéric Back, German-born Canadian short film director and screenwriter
• 1924 – Sir Anthony Farrar-Hockley, English soldier and historian (d. 2006)
• 1926 – Henry N. Cobb, American architect
• 1926 – Shecky Greene, American comedian
• 1926 – Shirley Mills, American actress (d. 2010)
• 1926 – Jürgen Moltmann, German theologian
• 1928 – Leah Rabin, widow of Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin (d. 2000)
• 1928 – Monty Sunshine, English jazz clarinetist
• 1929 – Walter Berry, Austrian bass-baritone (d. 2000)
• 1929 – Jacques Brel, Belgian singer/composer (d. 1978)
• 1929 – Renzo De Felice, Italian historian (d. 1996)
• 1930 – Carlos Hugo of Bourbon-Parma, Duke of Parma
• 1931 – John Gavin, American actor and politician
• 1932 – Sultan Iskandar of Johor, also the 8th Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia (d. 2010)
• 1933 – Fred Ebb, American composer (d. 2004)
• 1934 – Kisho Kurokawa, Japanese architect (d. 2007)
• 1935 – Albert Bustamante, American politician
• 1935 – Oscar Zeta Acosta, American attorney, politician, and Chicano Movement activist (d. 1974?)
• 1937 – Seymour Hersh, American journalist
• 1938 – Kofi Annan, Ghanaian United Nations Secretary General
• 1940 – John Havlicek, American basketball player
• 1941 – Darlene Gillespie, Canadian-born American actress
• 1941 – Peggy Lennon, American singer (The Lennon Sisters)
• 1941 – Vivienne Westwood, English fashion designer
• 1942 – Roger Chapman, British rock singer (Family, Streetwalkers)
• 1942 – Douglas Trumbull, American film director
• 1943 – Tony Banks, British politician (d. 2006)
• 1943 – Michael Bennett, American dancer/choreographer (d. 1987)
• 1943 – Miller Farr, American football player
• 1944 – Hywel Bennett, Welsh actor
• 1944 – Odd Nerdrum, Norwegian painter
• 1945 – Derrick Walker, British racing team owner
• 1946 – Catfish Hunter, American baseball player (d. 1999)
• 1946 – Stuart Pankin, American actor
• 1946 – Tim Thomerson, American actor
• 1947 – Tom DeLay, American politician
• 1947 – Steve Howe, English guitarist (Yes, Asia, GTR)
• 1947 – Robert Kiyosaki, American investor
• 1947 – Larry Norman, American singer/songwriter (d. 2008)
• 1947 – Pascal Lamy, Director-General of WTO
• 1948 – Michael Leshner, Canadian lawyer and gay rights advocate
• 1949 – John Madden, English film director
• 1949 – Brenda Russell, American singer/songwriter
• 1950 – Grzegorz Lato, Polish footballer
• 1951 – Geir Haarde, former Icelandic prime minister
• 1954 – G.V. Loganathan, American professor (d. 2007)
• 1954 – Gary Carter, American baseball player
• 1955 – Ricky Bell, American football player (d. 1984)
• 1955 – Kane Hodder, American actor and stuntman
• 1955 – Barbara Kingsolver, American novelist
• 1955 – David Wu, Taiwanese-born American politician
• 1956 – Christine Boisson, French actress
• 1956 – Jim Piddock, English actor, writer and producer
• 1956 – Justin Sullivan, English musician (New Model Army)
• 1957 – Fred Smerlas, American football player
• 1960 – John Schneider, American actor
• 1961 – Richard Hatch, American reality television personality
• 1962 – Izzy Stradlin, American musician (Guns N' Roses)
• 1963 – Julian Lennon, English musician and singer
• 1963 – Terry Porter, American basketball player and coach
• 1963 – Alec Stewart, English cricketer
• 1963 – Seth Tobias, American financial commentator (d. 2007)
• 1964 – Lisa Guerrero, American sports broadcaster
• 1964 – Biz Markie, American rapper/disc jockey
• 1964 – John McGinlay, Scottish footballer
• 1965 – Michael Jones, New Zealand rugby player and coach
• 1966 – Mark Blundell, British racing driver
• 1966 – Mazinho, Brazilian footballer
• 1966 – Bobby Ologun, Nigerian television personality
• 1966 – Evripidis Stylianidis, Greek politician
• 1966 – Robin Wright Penn, American actress
• 1966 – Dalton Grant, British high jumper
• 1967 – Arwyn Davies, Welsh actor
• 1968 – Patricia Arquette, American actress
• 1968 – Patricia Girard-Léno, French athlete (100 m hurdles)
• 1968 – Tracy Grammer, American folk singer
• 1972 – Paul Gray, American bassist (Slipknot)
• 1973 – Khaled Badra, Tunisian footballer
• 1973 – Emma Caulfield, American actress
• 1973 – Alex S. Gonzalez, American baseball player
• 1974 – Chino XL, American rapper
• 1974 – Holger Hott Johansen, Norwegian orienteerist
• 1974 – Nnedi Okorafor, Nigerian American writer
• 1974 – Nayden Todorov, Bulgarian conductor
• 1975 – Anouk, Dutch singer
• 1975 – Timo Pérez, Dominican baseball player
• 1977 – Mehran Ghassemi, Iranian journalist (d. 2008)
• 1977 – Mark Spencer, American computer programmer
• 1978 – Ana de la Reguera, Mexican actress
• 1978 – Bernt Haas, Swiss footballer
• 1978 – Rachel Roberts, Canadian model and actress
• 1979 – Jeremy Guthrie, American baseball player
• 1979 – Alexi Laiho, Finnish guitarist and singer (Children of Bodom, Sinergy, Kylähullut)
• 1980 – Manuel Ortega, Austrian singer
• 1980 – Katee Sackhoff, American actress
• 1981 – Brian Burres, American baseball player
• 1981 – Lito Sheppard, American football cornerback
• 1981 – Taylor Kitsch, Canadian actor and model
• 1981 – Fred Bousquet, French swimmer
• 1983 – Allu Arjun, Indian film actor
• 1983 – Adrian Bellani, American actor
• 1984 – Júlia Liptáková, Slovakian model
• 1984 – Taran Noah Smith, American actor
• 1984 – Kirsten Storms, American actress
• 1985 – Patrick Schliwa, German rugby player
• 1986 – Igor Akinfeev, Russian footballer
• 1986 – Félix Hernández, Venezuelan baseball player
• 1986 – Erika Sawajiri, Japanese actress, model and singer
• 1987 – Royston Drenthe, Dutch footballer
• 1989 – Hitomi Takahashi, Japanese singer
• 1989 – Alex DeLeon, American singer (The Cab)
• 1989 – Alex Day, English Youtube personality 'Nerimon'
• 1990 – Kim Jonghyun, South Korean singer, lead vocalist of boy band SHINee
• 1992 – Shelby Young, American actress

Deaths

• 217 – Caracalla, Roman Emperor (b. 186)
• 956 – Gilbert of Chalon, Duke of Burgundy
• 1143 – John II Comnenus, Byzantine Emperor (b. 1087)
• 1364 – King John II of France (b. 1319)
• 1461 – Georg Purbach, German mathematician and astronomer (b. 1423)
• 1586 – Martin Chemnitz, Lutheran reformer and theologian (b. 1522)
• 1587 – John Foxe, English writer (b. 1516)
• 1691 – Carlo Rainaldi, Italian architect (b. 1611)
• 1697 – Niels Juel, Danish admiral (b. 1629)
• 1704 – Hiob Ludolf, German orientalist (b. 1624)
• 1704 – Henry Sydney, 1st Earl of Romney, English statesman (b. 1641)
• 1725 – John Wise, English clergyman (b. 1652)
• 1735 – Francis II Rákóczi, leader of the Hungarian uprising against the Habsburg (b. 1676)
• 1848 – Gaetano Donizetti, Italian composer (b. 1797)
• 1857 – Mangal Pandey, Indian soldier (b. 1827)
• 1861 – Elisha Otis, American elevator builder (b. 1811)
• 1870 – Charles de Bériot, Belgian composer (b. 1802)
• 1906 – Auguste D, First recorded Alzheimer's victim (b. 1850)
• 1919 – Loránd Eötvös, Hungarian physicist (b. 1848)
• 1920 – Charles Tomlinson Griffes, American composer (b. 1884)
• 1931 – Erik Axel Karlfeldt, Swedish writer, Nobel laureate (b. 1864)
• 1936 – Robert Bárány, Austrian physician, Nobel laureate (b. 1876)
• 1942 – Kostas Skarvelis, Greek songwriter (b. 1880)
• 1950 – Vaslav Nijinsky, Polish-born ballet dancer (b. 1890)
• 1958 – Ethel Turner, Australian author (b. 1872)
• 1965 – Lars Hanson, Swedish actor (b. 1886)
• 1968 – Barbara Jane Harrison, Air stewardess (b.1945)
• 1973 – Pablo Picasso, Spanish artist and sculptor (b. 1881)
• 1974 – James Charles McGuigan, Catholic archbishop of Toronto (b. 1894)
• 1978 – Ford Frick, American baseball commissioner (b. 1894)
• 1981 – Omar Bradley, U.S. general (b. 1893)
• 1984 – Pyotr Kapitsa, Russian physicist, Nobel laureate (b. 1894)
• 1985 – J. Fred Coots, American songwriter (b. 1897)
• 1986 – Yukiko Okada, Japanese idol singer (b. 1967)
• 1990 – Ryan White, American AIDS activist (b. 1971)
• 1991 – Per Yngve "Dead" Ohlin, Swedish metal singer (b. 1969)
• 1992 – Daniel Bovet, Swiss-born pharmacologist, Nobel laureate (b. 1907)
• 1993 – Marian Anderson, American contralto (b. 1897)
• 1994 – François Rozet, French Canadian actor (b. 1899)
• 1996 – George W. Jenkins, American businessman (b. 1907)
• 1996 – Ben Johnson, American actor (b. 1918)
• 1996 – León Klimovsky, Argentine film director (b. 1906)
• 1997 – Laura Nyro, American singer and composer (b. 1947)
• 2000 – Claire Trevor, American actress (b. 1910)
• 2002 – María Félix, Mexican actress (b. 1914)
• 2004 – Enda Colleran, Gaelic footballer (b. 1941)
• 2005 – Eddie Miksis, American baseball player (b. 1926)
• 2005 – Onna White, Canadian choreographer (b. 1924)
• 2006 – Gerard Reve, Dutch writer (b. 1923)
• 2007 – Carey W. Barber, American clergyman (b. 1905)
• 2007 – Sol LeWitt, American artist (b. 1928)
• 2008 – Timothy Beaumont, Baron Beaumont of Whitley (b. 1928)
• 2008 – John Button, Australian politician (b. 1933)
• 2008 – Stanley Kamel, American actor (b. 1943)
• 2009 – Piotr Morawski, Polish mountaineer (b. 1976)
• 2010 – Malcolm McLaren, British music manager (b. 1946)
• 2010 – Teddy Scholten, Dutch singer (b. 1926)
• 2010 – Jack Agnew, Irish-born American World War II veteran (b. 1922)

Holidays and observances

• Buddha's Birthday, also known as Hana Matsuri, "Flower Festival" (Japan)
• Christian Feast Day
  • Constantina
  • Julie Billiart of Namur
  • Perpetuus
  • Walter of Pontoise
  • April 8 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
• International Day of the Roma
• DABDay - Draw A Bird Day

External links

• BBC: On This Day
• The New York Times: On This Day
• On This Day in Canada